Gordon Moore, the Intel Corp. co-founder whose theory on computer chip development became the yardstick for progress in the electronics industry, has died. He was 94.

Moore died peacefully surrounded by family at his home in Hawaii on Friday, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation said in a statement.

A founder of industry pioneer Fairchild Semiconductor, Moore in 1968 co-founded Intel, which grew into the world’s largest semiconductor maker at one point. The Santa Clara, California-based company supplies about 80% of the world’s personal computers with their most important part, the microprocessor. Moore was a chief executive officer from 1975 to 1987.

Intel and other semiconductor makers still develop products according to a version of Moore’s Law, the scientist’s 1965 observation that the number of transistors on a computer chip — which determines the speed, memory, and capabilities of an electronic device — doubles every year. The law, which Moore revised in 1975, remains a yardstick for progress both within and beyond the chip industry, even as its continued applicability is a topic of debate.

Moore’s observation was fundamental to Intel’s rise to prominence. The company poured increasing sums into improving the manufacturing of the tiny electronic components at a pace its rivals couldn’t keep up with. The torrid rate of progress made Intel’s technology the hardware heart of the personal computer revolution, then the internet revolution, until the company’s Asian rivals challenged its leadership.

Alive and Well

“Intel will be the steward of Moore’s Law for decades to come,” Chief Executive Officer Pat Gelsinger said in a January 2022 interview. He said the law “is alive and we’re going to keep it very well.”

Carver Mead, an engineering professor at the California Institute of Technology, came up with the name Moore’s Law. Moore himself expressed surprise at its influence and longevity and preferred to demystify and downplay it.

“I wanted to get across, here’s an idea where the technology is going to evolve rapidly and it’s going to have a major impact on the cost of electronics,” Moore recalled for a video produced by the Chemical Heritage Foundation. “That was the main point I was trying to get across, that this was going to be the path to low-cost electronics.”

Moore was director of research and development at Fairchild when he made his famous projection in an article, “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits,” for April 19, 1965, edition of Electronics magazine. Noting that the most cost-efficient circuit at that time held 50 transistors, he predicted that number would roughly double each year to 65,000. Modern microprocessors have billions of transistors.

In the same article, he wrote: “Integrated circuits will lead to such wonders as home computers or at least terminals connected to a central computer, automatic controls for automobiles and personal portable communications equipment.”

1975 Revision

Revising his law in 1975, Moore said components per chip would grow half as quickly, doubling every two years rather than every year. An Intel colleague, David House, came up with the often-quoted corollary that a chip’s performance, due to both the number and quality of transistors, would double every 18 months.

Intel’s proxy statement in 2006 showed Moore owned 173 million shares. That’s the last time his name appears in the company’s regulatory filings. His net worth was about $7.5 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.

In 2000, Moore set up the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, which reported assets of $9.5 billion as of 2021, making it one of the biggest private grant-making foundations in the US. It supports environmental conservation, patient care, and scientific research worldwide, as well as local causes in the San Francisco Bay area. Moore said his concern for the environment stemmed from his love of fishing.

Among their major gifts, Moore and his wife gave $600 million to Caltech, located in Pasadena, California; $200 million to Caltech and the University of California to build the world’s most powerful optical telescope; and $100 million to the University of California at Davis to build a nursing school.

Sheriff’s Son

Gordon Earle Moore was born on Jan. 3, 1929, in San Francisco and raised in Pescadero, California. His family moved to Redwood City, California, when he was 10. His father, Walter, was a deputy sheriff. His mother, Florence Almira Williamson, owned a small general store.

Moore saw a chemistry set at a neighbor’s house and decided he wanted to be a chemist. He began experimenting with making rockets and explosives and studied chemistry at San Jose State University. There, he met his wife, the former Betty Whittaker. They would have two children, Kenneth and Steven.

Moore transferred to the University of California at Berkeley and, in 1950, became the first person in his family to graduate from college. In 1954, he received a Ph.D. in physics and chemistry from Caltech.

He landed a job as a researcher at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory in Silver Spring, Maryland. William Shockley, who had created the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories, and who would share the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics, recruited Moore to his Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory near Palo Alto, California.

Moore and seven co-workers, including Robert Noyce, left to found Fairchild in 1957 with $3,500 of their own money and a $1.5 million investment from Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. Shockley dubbed them the “Traitorous Eight.” Noyce, in the late 1950s, helped invent the integrated circuit, the basis of all chip designs to this day. He died in 1990.

Forms Intel

Noyce and Moore formed Intel, a contraction of “integrated electronics,” in a former Union Carbide factory in Mountain View, the heart of what they would help build into Silicon Valley. Moore’s first title was executive vice president. Andy Grove, another Fairchild employee, soon joined them.

In 1971, Intel introduced its first microprocessor, holding more than 2,000 transistors. Its 8080 microprocessor was in the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975 and widely considered the first successful personal computer. In 1981, IBM selected Intel’s 8088 microprocessor to power its first personal computer.

Moore became president and CEO in 1975, then chairman and CEO in 1979. Grove succeeded him as CEO in 1987, and Moore retired from Intel’s board in 2001 at age 72, in accordance with a mandatory retirement-age policy that he instituted.

Moore “does not boast, although his record of achievement provides a great deal to boast about,” Richard Tedlow wrote in his 2006 biography of Grove. “He appears to be, that is to say, simply a regular person.” Tedlow quoted Grove calling Moore “a smart guy with no airs.”

Today, most chip industry leaders and observers would argue that Moore’s Law no longer holds. Some of the layers of materials used to build semiconductors are only an atom thick, meaning they cannot be shrunk further. At such tiny geometries the properties of those materials that make them semiconductors break down. That destroys their usefulness as the microscopic switches used to represent the most basic form of electronic information.

Unlike succeeding Intel leaders who rebutted predictions of Moore’s Law’s demise, Moore predicted its irrelevance.

“Someday it has to stop,” Moore said at an event in 2015 to commemorate his law’s 50th anniversary. “No exponential thing like this goes on forever.”

Moore is survived by Betty Irene Whitaker, whom he married in 1950, as well as sons Kenneth and Steven and four grandchildren. 

 

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Guwahati: For a 37-year-old mother of three from Myanmar, the refugee life in India is proving to be even harder than she had imagined. The loss of her native land and relocating to an unfamiliar environment in New Delhi has sent a volley of challenges her way.

Her three sons — twins aged 10 years, and a younger one aged 7 — are struggling to adjust at their new school, encountering bullies, lagging in academics, and not finding support from teachers, she has alleged.

An active member of the protests in Myanmar following the 2021 military coup, she can no longer return home, but isn’t eager to stay in India either. She wants to take her children to the Netherlands, where her husband is based. But like many of her compatriots in Delhi, she says she is struggling to get her hands on the document that will allow her to leave for a third country from here — an exit permit.

According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) website, as of 31 January, 2022, over 46,000 refugees and asylum-seekers are registered with UNHCR India, mainly from Myanmar and Afghanistan.

“I wish for my family to be reunited but it seems difficult,” she said. “While refugees from Somalia and Afghanistan are given exit permits, Myanmar nationals are denied the same.”

And while she waits, she worries about her children “growing up with trauma”.

“At the community park, some children threw stones at my kids and punctured their football. I don’t have enough money, but bought one because they were crying for it,” she said, narrating her experience since moving to Delhi in November 2021. “I tried speaking to the local residents, but they said the children are unruly and advised us not to go to the park. One day, two older boys slapped my youngest son. My kids came home crying. When I go to the playground with them, the bullies run away.”

Under the temporary asylum-seeker certificate from UNHCR India, her children have the permission to study in the country and were admitted to a government school in June last year.

“They are bullied and slapped in class, too. The teachers say their names would be struck off if they fail to learn Hindi. They don’t care that my children cannot speak either Hindi or English,” she claimed, explaining how her children faced a two-year education gap following the pandemic and the coup.

She was among the tide of Myanmarese that arrived in India from different parts of the country  following the military coup. While she is from Kalay in Myanmar’s Sagaing Division, the others around her are from Chin State and Magwe Division.

A rights activist from Myanmar, who wished to not be named, estimated that there are over 500 old asylum-seekers and over 1,000 new refugees in New Delhi, most of whom came to India following the military coup, belonging to different ethnic communities, including the Chin, Bamar, Kachin, Kuki and Zomi.

Interaction among them, she said, is “limited” since they all speak different dialects.

The majority of Chin refugees have found shelter in Mizoram due to strong ethnic and familial ties that exist between communities residing on both sides of the Tiau River, which marks the border between India and Myanmar. According to Mizoram government data, the northeastern state currently hosts over 35,000 refugees from Myanmar.

Speaking to ThePrint, Salai Dokhar, founder of India for Myanmar, an independent grassroots advocacy movement, said that refugees in Delhi are not getting “enough humanitarian support from the UNHCR”.

“Myanmar refugees in Delhi are facing a lot of hardship — lack of jobs, education and opportunities for children, challenges in availing healthcare and other services. The new asylum-seekers are under consideration, but the ones who have been living in India for quite some time are still awaiting their exit permits to take shelter in a third country,” he said.

“The refugees have also reported cases of discrimination to the UNHCR, but their pleas have been disregarded. The Indian government and UNHCR should try to understand their plight, and start the case interviews for new asylum-seekers at the earliest,” he added

In March 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs noted that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Convention relating to the status of refugees and its 1967 Protocol. It said state governments and Union territory administrations have no power to grant ‘refugee’ status to any foreigner.

However, it mentioned a Standard Operating Procedure (SoP) issued in 2011 by the central government, and amended in 2019, which must be followed by law enforcement agencies while dealing with foreign nationals who claim to be refugees, adding that in deserving cases, Long Term Visas (LTVs) may be granted by the central government.

ThePrint reached Ministry of Home Affairs spokesperson Raj Kumar for an update on exit permits for Myanmar refugees. He said he had no information on the matter.

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Also read: Junta conducts multiple air strikes in Thantlang, two Chin fighters killed in fresh offensive

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Living with trauma — past and present

Following the Myanmar military’s decision to seize power on 1 February 2021 — a day before the parliament was due to swear in democratically-elected members after 2020’s election — large-scale protests broke out across the country.

The 37-year-old was among the hundreds of civilians who went on strikes against the Tatmadaw (Myanmar military). She was part of a civil society organisation in Kalay, leading demonstrations around town.

She entrusted her children to her parents’ care and joined fellow activists in anti-junta protests and constructing barracks for their safety. To avoid the military’s attention, she, like many others, would move around in slippers and house dresses when planning strikes.

“We marched the streets of Kalay every day. I left home on 2 February 2021, since the military knew the names of activists and were looking for us. On 1 March, Kalay had its first martyr — a college student. The (military) junta announced martial law soon after,” she said.

The military was drawing closer each day, conducting house-to-house searches in various districts and making arrests. Reports had emerged of people being killed in both Mandalay and Yangon. Amid the chaos, the Kalay activists found refuge in one of the barracks they had constructed, managing to evade arrest and survive firings for almost a month.

“The demonstrations did not stop. I remember hiding at Taungphila village one day for many hours… but on 28 March, the military found us. It was just after one of our anti-junta strikes,” she said. “They opened fire at the barrack. My friend was shot in the chest by a sniper right in front of me. I carried her to the hospital, but they couldn’t save her. She died within five minutes of being shot.”

As the news spread across the country and the name of their organisation was widely reported, she knew it was time to leave Myanmar. After attending her friend’s funeral, she planned her escape to India along with her children.

In April 2021, she and her sons crossed the Tiau river. They lived in a friend’s industrial unit in Aizawl for 7 months before deciding to move to Delhi.

Currently, she offers online consultations to a Myanmar civil society organisation for a small fee.

Another 25-year-old refugee from Kalay, who works in a factory making mobile chargers in West Delhi’s Asalpur area, told ThePrint that she had faced racial discrimination because she “does not look Indian”.

She had moved to the capital in 2013 to join her husband in Janakpuri. He had left Myanmar in 2010 to “seek international protection” and because of “lack of development” under the military regime.

Myanmar was ruled by the armed forces from 1962 until 2011. The military junta was officially dissolved in 2011 and a new civilian government was established under former army bureaucrat Thein Sein as president. A number of political and social reforms were implemented during the transition period.

Awaiting exit permits, demanding respect

Most Myanmarese refugees in Delhi are awaiting their exit permits to a third country, the necessary approval from the government before any refugee is allowed to leave the country. It can be obtained from the Foreigners Registration Office (FRO) upon submitting an application.

Exit permits were also among the demands raised as the Myanmarese community in India staged a protest at Delhi’s Jantar Mantar this January.

In September 2022, the Union government had refused exit permit to Senoara Begum of Myanmar, and her three minor children living in Delhi. Senoara is among the few Myanmar refugees who had approached Delhi High Court last year seeking directions from the court to the central government and the ministry of external affairs (MEA) to issue exit permits.

In an affidavit, the central government, according to an ANI report, had said it has credible inputs from security agencies, regarding “illegal Rohingya migrants currently staying in India, of having links with terror organisations”, and if someone was an illegal foreigner, then after checking the nationality and due consultation with the MEA, the person should be deported to his country of origin.

Under the UNHCR, refugees and asylum seekers can avail ‘complimentary pathways’ that provide admission and lawful stays in a third country where their international protection needs are met. These pathways include family reunification, humanitarian visas, third country employment and educational programmes and special humanitarian schemes to provide community-based and individual sponsorship visas to refugees.

However, the uncertainty around an applicant’s official ‘refugee status’ makes the process complicated.

The refugees from different ethnicities of Myanmar who have sought shelter in the Northeastern states are required to travel to Delhi, if they wish to qualify for refugee protection under UNHCR, said a human rights activist in Manipur who did not wish to be named.

“Considering the distance and expenses, many cannot afford to shift to the national capital and most of them don’t have travel documents. So, they continue to live with their kin in Mizoram or Manipur at rented homes or temporary shelters. Those who moved to Delhi find themselves battling greater hardships today. It’s not easy to get a job, and if they do find one, it’s long hours and little salary. They don’t know Hindi, and that adds to the problem,” the activist said.

A 57-year-old from Myanmar, who has been living with his family in New Delhi since 2011, has been hoping to migrate to Australia, where his relatives live. Having worked as a daily wager in Myanmar, the father of two had come to India to escape the turmoil in his country and find better opportunities.

From Myanmar’s Tedim township in Chin State, he has since been working as a housekeeping staffer in a Delhi mall. He struggles to speak Hindi, but can follow a few basic commands. “We look different, we are uneducated, and we don’t know the language. Sometimes I want to fight back when my colleagues bully me, but I keep calm, knowing the consequences,” he said.

His daughters, who can speak both English and Hindi, dropped out of school in 2021 after securing Australian visas to prepare for their journey ahead. They were in Class 12 and Class 10 at the time. The FRO, however, did not give them exit permits, he said.

The family of four living in Uttam Nagar has just enough to get by. While his daughters work as housekeepers at a guest house in Gurugram, his wife is a tailor, catering to the community of refugees in New Delhi.

Compared to the new asylum-seekers, though, he has an advantage — a ‘smart identity card’ under UNHCR — a card with multiple wallets that can be used by different agencies to assist refugees in sectors like health, education and others.

The mother of three in Vikaspuri said the new refugees also need a smartcard to avail the benefits, especially livelihood training, financial help and resources.

“Things are expensive in Delhi. We are paying around Rs 10,000 monthly for rent and water and electricity bills. I have to buy notebooks for my children and daily essentials,” she said, adding that her husband sends money whenever possible, but it has not been sufficient to cover living expenses and her children’s tuition fees.

Then there’s the language barrier. “While some shopkeepers are nice, others refuse to speak English. In the streets, strange men pass comments in a language I can’t understand. Some make obscene gestures,” she said. Her demand, she added, is protection for refugees like her on humanitarian grounds.

“I am in depression, worried about my children. All I want is to be treated with respect and dignity,” she added.

(Edited by Zinnia Ray Chaudhuri)

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Also read: Myanmar refugees demand permission to migrate. Mizo group leads from front

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The information that the ChatGPT bug exposed during an outage earlier this week was more than just chat history. On March 20, Microsoft-backed OpenAI temporarily disabled ChatGPT earlier to fix a bug that allowed some users to see the titles of other users’ chat history on the popular AI chatbot. Now in an update the company has said that the bug may have been exposed more, this includes some personal data of ChatGPT Plus subscribers, including their payment information.
The payment information that was leaked
“Upon deeper investigation, we also discovered that the same bug may have caused the unintentional visibility of payment-related information of 1.2% of the ChatGPT Plus subscribers who were active during a specific nine-hour window. In the hours before we took ChatGPT offline on Monday, it was possible for some users to see another active user’s first and last name, email address, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit card expiration date. Full credit card numbers were not exposed at any time,” OpenAI said in the update.
It further added that it has reached out to notify affected users that their payment information may have been exposed. It also claimed that there is no ongoing risk to users’ data.
What caused the bug
In a tweet on March 22, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said a significant issue in ChatGPT was the result of a “bug in an open source library.” It said that the “bug was discovered in the Redis client open-source library” that OpenAI uses to cache user information in its server.
The company, however, did not reveal the exact number of people impacted by the big. This technical glitch surely does mean that users need to be cautious of AI tools, including chatbots. Most AI tools are still in beta phase, also with the sudden sharp rise in the number of AI tools in the market, it is not really clear/certain that how many of them have been tested properly as well as come with the due security checks.